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Zero is a group of artists founded by Heinz Mack and Otto Piene willing to become an international art movement, sometimes associated with the Nouveau réalisme paradigm. == History == Zero was the name of a magazine founded in 1957 by Heinz Mack that ceased publication in 1967. The word “zero” expressed, in Otto Piene’s words, “a zone of silence and of pure possibilities for a new beginning.”〔Karen Rosenberg (August 21, 2014), (Hail, the Postwar Avant-Garde: ‘The Art of Zero,’ at Purchase College ) ''New York Times''.〕 The movement is commonly interpreted as reaction to Abstract Expressionism by arguing that art should be void of color, emotion and individual expression.〔Nina Siegal (June 11, 2013), (Demand Rises for Dutch Palette in Shades of White ) ''New York Times''.〕 Many of the Zero artists are better known for their affiliations with other movements, including Nouveau réalisme, Arte Povera, Minimalism, Op Art and Kinetic art.〔Roberta Smith (October 9, 2014), (3 Men and a Posse, Chasing Newness: ‘Zero,’ a Look at a Movement, at the Guggenheim ) ''New York Times''.〕 Mack and Piene invited artists like Günther Uecker to exhibit in their studio, and the three friends became the founding fathers of the Zero movement, which would soon reach out to embrace artists throughout Europe. Working in an environment without galleries and contemporary art spaces, these artists came together to exhibit their work in a series of one-day-only evening exhibitions, often staged in their studios.〔(ZERO in New York, 6 November - 20 December 2008 ) Sperone Westwater, New York.〕 Manifestos were often published in association with the shows, such as Zero 1 (1958), Zero 2 (1958), and Zero 3 (1961). These included texts in multiple languages written by artists and curators active in the Zero circle who sought to define what they termed The New Artistic Conception. The involved artists soon established a vigorous network of collaboration and exchange. Like-minded practitioners came above all from France (Arman, Jean Tinguely, and Yves Klein), Italy (Lucio Fontana, Piero Manzoni, Turi Simeti, Agostino Bonalumi), Spain (Antoni Tàpies), and Austria (Arnulf Rainer).〔David Galloway (March 3, 2006), (European movement with Zero as the sum of its parts ) ''International Herald Tribune''.〕 In the Netherlands, the “informal group” of Nul artists began around 1958 and can be narrowed to four: Jan Schoonhoven, Armando, Jan Henderikse and Henk Peeters, who were linked to the Italian and German painters but penned their own manifesto.〔Nina Siegal (June 11, 2013), (Demand Rises for Dutch Palette in Shades of White ) ''New York Times''.〕 Latin American artists, like the Venezuelan Jesús Rafael Soto, the Argentine Luis Tomasello, and Brazilian Almir Mavignier became affiliated with Zero while working in Paris in the 1950s.〔Karen Rosenberg (August 21, 2014), (Hail, the Postwar Avant-Garde: ‘The Art of Zero,’ at Purchase College ) ''New York Times''.〕 In 2008, Piene, Mack, Uecker, and Mattijs Visser created the international ZERO foundation.〔(Officiel website of ZERO ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zero (art)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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